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bouzygesРабота Мердока World Ethnographic Sample (Murdock, 1957) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1957.59.4.02a00090/pdf. Для выборки из 565 мировых культур приведены 30 культурных характеристик. Вот некоторые - так, стало быть, на больших выборках глядят, чем культуры отличаются.
Settlement Pattern and Community Organization - две характеристики, одна на выбор из заглавных букв, другая из строчных
- B - Bands, i.e., migratory or nomadic communities.
- C - Compound settlements consisting of a nuclear village or town and outlying homesteads or satellite hamlets.
- F - Fixed or sedentary settlements whose precise pattern is unreported.
- H - Clusters of separated hamlets.
- N - Neighborhoods of dispersed homesteads.
- S - Seminomadic communities, i.e., life in nomadic bands during certain seasons of the year and in fixed settlements at other seasons.
- V - Compact villages or towns.
- a - Agamous communities without reported localized clans and without any marked tendency toward either local exogamy or local endogamy.
- b - Exogamous barrios, wards, hamlets, or localized lineages where a community normally includes several such and is not itself an exogamous unit.
- c - Clan-communities, i.e., communities which are themselves essentially localized exogamous lineages or sibs.
- d - Demes, i.e., communities which reveal a marked tendency toward local endogamy without being composed of localized exogamous units.
- e - Exogamous communities, i.e., those revealing a marked tendency toward local exogamy without having the specific structure of clans.
- o - Absence of localized clans in default of specific evidence on local endogamy or exogamy.
Social Stratification - две характеристики
- A - Formal age-grades without other significant stratification among freemen.
- C - Complex stratification into three or more social classes or castes (exclusive of slaves).
- H - Hereditary aristocracy or noble class differentiated from ordinary freemen.
- O - Absence of significant social stratification among freemen. Purely political and religious statuses, e.g., chiefs or priests, are not treated as classes.
- W - Wealth distinctions of importance, based on possession or distribution of property, without definite crystallization into hereditary social classes.
- h - Hereditary slavery, slaves forming a distinct social class.
- i - Incipient or nonhereditary slavery, i.e., where slave status is temporary and is not transmitted to the children of slaves.
- o - Absence or near absence of slavery.
- s - Slavery reported but without indication of whether or not the status is hereditary.
Political Integraion and Succession [for cross-cultural comparability the rule of succession, indicated in the second column, is that prevailing for the headman of a local community or a near equivalent thereto] - две характеристики
- A - Autonomous local communities, i.e., politically independent local groups which do not exceed 1500 in average population.
- D - Dependent societies lacking any political organization of their own, e.g., those forming an integral part of some larger political system and those governed exclusively and directly by agents of another and politically dominant society. Colonial governments operating through indirect rule are ignored.
- L - Little states, i.e., political integration in independent units averaging between 10,000 and 100,000 in population.
- M - Minimal states, i.e., political integration in independent units averaging between 1500 and 10,000 in population.
- O - Absence of any political integration even at the local level, e.g., where family heads acknowledge no higher political authority.
- P - Peace groups transcending the local community where the basis of unity is other than political, e.g., derived from reciprocal trade relations, defensive military agreements, or a common cult or age-grade organization.
- S - States, i.e., political integration in large independent units averaging at least 100,000 in population.
- a - Nonhereditary succession through appointment of headmen by some higher political authority.
- b - Patrilineal succession where a younger brother is preferred to a son.
- c - Councils, i.e., absence of true headmen, political authority at the local level being exercised exclusively by a council or other collective body.
- e - Nonhereditary succession through election or some other method of formal consensus.
- i - Nonhereditary succession through informal consensus or personal influence.
- m - Matrilineal succession other than n or y or where preference is unspecified.
- n - Matrilineal succession where a sister’s son is preferred to a younger brother.
- o - Absence of any indigenous political authority, as in societies lacking political integration even at the local level and in some dependent societies.
- p - Patrilineal succession other than b or s or where preference is unspecified.
- s - Patrilineal succession where a son is preferred to a younger brother.
- y - Matrilineal succession where a younger brother is preferred to a sister’s son.
Settlement Pattern and Community Organization - две характеристики, одна на выбор из заглавных букв, другая из строчных
- B - Bands, i.e., migratory or nomadic communities.
- C - Compound settlements consisting of a nuclear village or town and outlying homesteads or satellite hamlets.
- F - Fixed or sedentary settlements whose precise pattern is unreported.
- H - Clusters of separated hamlets.
- N - Neighborhoods of dispersed homesteads.
- S - Seminomadic communities, i.e., life in nomadic bands during certain seasons of the year and in fixed settlements at other seasons.
- V - Compact villages or towns.
- a - Agamous communities without reported localized clans and without any marked tendency toward either local exogamy or local endogamy.
- b - Exogamous barrios, wards, hamlets, or localized lineages where a community normally includes several such and is not itself an exogamous unit.
- c - Clan-communities, i.e., communities which are themselves essentially localized exogamous lineages or sibs.
- d - Demes, i.e., communities which reveal a marked tendency toward local endogamy without being composed of localized exogamous units.
- e - Exogamous communities, i.e., those revealing a marked tendency toward local exogamy without having the specific structure of clans.
- o - Absence of localized clans in default of specific evidence on local endogamy or exogamy.
Social Stratification - две характеристики
- A - Formal age-grades without other significant stratification among freemen.
- C - Complex stratification into three or more social classes or castes (exclusive of slaves).
- H - Hereditary aristocracy or noble class differentiated from ordinary freemen.
- O - Absence of significant social stratification among freemen. Purely political and religious statuses, e.g., chiefs or priests, are not treated as classes.
- W - Wealth distinctions of importance, based on possession or distribution of property, without definite crystallization into hereditary social classes.
- h - Hereditary slavery, slaves forming a distinct social class.
- i - Incipient or nonhereditary slavery, i.e., where slave status is temporary and is not transmitted to the children of slaves.
- o - Absence or near absence of slavery.
- s - Slavery reported but without indication of whether or not the status is hereditary.
Political Integraion and Succession [for cross-cultural comparability the rule of succession, indicated in the second column, is that prevailing for the headman of a local community or a near equivalent thereto] - две характеристики
- A - Autonomous local communities, i.e., politically independent local groups which do not exceed 1500 in average population.
- D - Dependent societies lacking any political organization of their own, e.g., those forming an integral part of some larger political system and those governed exclusively and directly by agents of another and politically dominant society. Colonial governments operating through indirect rule are ignored.
- L - Little states, i.e., political integration in independent units averaging between 10,000 and 100,000 in population.
- M - Minimal states, i.e., political integration in independent units averaging between 1500 and 10,000 in population.
- O - Absence of any political integration even at the local level, e.g., where family heads acknowledge no higher political authority.
- P - Peace groups transcending the local community where the basis of unity is other than political, e.g., derived from reciprocal trade relations, defensive military agreements, or a common cult or age-grade organization.
- S - States, i.e., political integration in large independent units averaging at least 100,000 in population.
- a - Nonhereditary succession through appointment of headmen by some higher political authority.
- b - Patrilineal succession where a younger brother is preferred to a son.
- c - Councils, i.e., absence of true headmen, political authority at the local level being exercised exclusively by a council or other collective body.
- e - Nonhereditary succession through election or some other method of formal consensus.
- i - Nonhereditary succession through informal consensus or personal influence.
- m - Matrilineal succession other than n or y or where preference is unspecified.
- n - Matrilineal succession where a sister’s son is preferred to a younger brother.
- o - Absence of any indigenous political authority, as in societies lacking political integration even at the local level and in some dependent societies.
- p - Patrilineal succession other than b or s or where preference is unspecified.
- s - Patrilineal succession where a son is preferred to a younger brother.
- y - Matrilineal succession where a younger brother is preferred to a sister’s son.